A 形式
to have+過去分詞:
to have worked
to have spoken
B 與助動詞連用
1與 was/were連用表示沒有完成的計劃或安排(參見第114節):
The house was to have been ready today.
這座房屋本應該今天竣工。(但目前還沒)
2與 should, would, might和 could一塊構成條件完成時(參見第223節):
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我當時如果看到她的話我本會邀請她的。
3與should或ought連用表示沒履行的義務,或用于否定式表示錯誤的或愚蠢的行為(參見第143節):
He should have helped her.
他本應該幫助她。(但他沒如此做)
I shouldnt/oughtnt to have lied to him.
我本不應該對他撒謊話。(但我說了)
4與 should/would like連用表示未達成的愿望(參見第 296節D):
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但沒能看到)
這句也可寫成:
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中兩個動詞的任一個變成不定式的完成式,而不改變句子的意思。
5 與could連用,表示過去沒借助的能力或過去的可能性:
I could have made a lot of money.
我本來可以賺到很多錢。(但我沒能賺到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能給她打過電話。(或許他打過電話。)
(另參見第134節與第138節。)
6 與might/could連用表示說話人對于未辦到某事感到不快或憤怒:
He might/could have told me!
他本應告訴我!
I am annoyed1 that he didnt tell me.
他沒告訴我,我非常不開心。(參見第285節D。)
7 與may/might連用,表示推想發生在過去的動作:
He may/might have left.等于:
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已經走了。(參見第133節。)
You might/could have been killed!
(那時)你或許會送了命的!
8 與cant/couldnt連用表示否定的推論(參見第159節):
He cant/couldnt have moved the piano himself.
這臺鋼琴不可能是他一個人搬的。
We knew he couldnt have paid for it,because he had no money.
大家了解不可能是他付了這筆錢,由于他沒錢。
9 與must連用表示一定的推論(參見第156節):
He must have come this way; here are his footprints2.
他肯定是走這條路來的;這里還有他的腳印呢。
10 與neednt連用表示過去非必須的行為(另參見第152節與第153節):
You neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那樣著急。目前大家到得太早了。
You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw3.
你本來不必把它燒熟。大家本可以吃生的。
C 與某些別的動詞連用
1 與appear,happen,pretend,seem連用
注意這里的不定式的一般式與完成式之間的差別:不定式的一般式:
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看來是一名出色的運動員。等于:
It seems that he is
大家的印象是他是
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那時他看著像一名出色的運動員。等于:
It seemed that he was
那時大家的印象是他是一名
不定式的完成式:
He seems to have been
他看來過去是等于:
It seems that he was
大家的印象是他過去是
He seemed to have been
那時看來他過去是等于:
It seemed that he had been
那時大家的印象是他過去是
這就是說,不定式的完成式表示的動作是一個更早的動作,它發生在主要動詞所表示的動作之前。
其他例子如:
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.等于:
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我過去曾開過那種汽車。
He pretended4 to have read the book.等于:
He pretended that he had read it.
他假裝過去讀過那本書。
2 與下列動詞的被動式連用: acknowledge5, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand:
He is understood to have left the country.
據悉他已經離開了這個國家。(參見第306節。)
3 不定式的完成式可與claim,expect,hope,promise連用,但不那樣容易見到:
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.等于:
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他預期/期望到 6月份能完成。