說明文是講解事物的特點、本質、性能、結構、作用與功效或科學原理的一種文體。其說明的對象可以是具體的,如:自然環境,儀表設施等;也可以是抽象的,如定義定律等。
說明文的寫作相對于論說文來講,有肯定的套路可循,因此不是十分復雜。說明科技方面的內容常用概念法、比較對比法、分類法、因果法等;說明自然環境方面的內容常用時間次序法、分類法等。當然,伴隨對象的不同,具體應該使用的辦法也會有所不同。
說明文的寫作需要注意的事情有下面什么時間:??
1.語言簡明扼要,通俗易懂,防止夸張華麗的辭藻,要把真實的一面展示在讀者面前。
2.說明時必須要把握一個中心主題。說明文中細枝末節較多,但不可以喧賓奪主。
3.說明的次序尤為重要。適當的次序會使文章條理了解,脈絡明晰。因此,訓練時可以嘗試不一樣的次序進行寫作,找出最適當的一種。
4.因為說明文寫實性較強,有時難免會叫人感到沒生氣。因此,可以適合用一些比喻、擬人等修辭方法,來增加文章的色彩。
下面是一篇說明一所醫院布局的文章。文章雖短,但需要說明的內容卻達11處之多。平均一句話就要描寫一處,假如組織得不好,便會給人凌亂的感覺。
為了防止這一點,文章把整個布局圖分三部分來寫:
貫徹醫院的是main road,第一部分以大門為參照物,介紹了靠大門且通過main road東西相對的急診樓和門診樓。
第二部分以湖為參照物,中心線還是main road,介紹其他分診樓、實驗室、放射室等。
第三部分寫main road盡頭的建筑物。
如此,繁多的細節看上去井井有條。因此,選擇好主線及參照物是決定文章成功的重點。
Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition aboutTHE LAYOUT OF A HOSPITAL. Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the information given below.Your composition should be no less than 120 words.
(1)the Emergency Department??
(2)the Out-patient Department??
(3)the Surgery Department?
(4)the Dispensary??
(5)the Physician Department??
(6)the Eye,Ear,and Throat Department ??
(7)the Dental Department??
(8)the Laboratory?
(9)the X-ray Department??
(10)the Administrative1 Building??
(11)the Ward2
Sample:
The Layout of a Hospital Near the gate,on the westside of the road is the Emergency Department. Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department. The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary,which face the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road.Along the west wall,from south to north,stand three buildings:the Physician Department,the Eye,Ear,and Throat Department,and the Dental Department. The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about,and beside the Laboratory,the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road. A winding3 road by the lake leads to the Ward.Near the end of the Main Road,the Administrative Building is situated4 on the east side.The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.