21、公共演講的藝術
1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does,
you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from
studying public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching TOPics, organizing your ideas,
and presenting yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable1 for every type of communication.
1、在你生活的某個時刻，幾乎一定需要做某種有影響力的公開演講。當這個時刻來到時，你期望自己十分有把握。但，即使你從未發表過一個演講，你仍然會從學習公共演說中獲益良多。你的演講課將會在研究主題、組織思路、和表現方法方面對你進行練習。這種練習對任何種類的交流都是很寶貴的。
2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals of
speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation. In
conversation, almost without thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas
logically. You tailor your message to your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback
from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.
2、在公開演講和平時交談之間有很多類似的東西。演說的三個主要為了：傳達、說服、吸引，這類也是平時交談的三個主要目的。在交談中，你已經不假思索地用不少方法。你有條理地組織你的看法，你依據聽眾修改信息。你選擇講述某個故事以獲得最大的成效。你從聽眾的反饋中改變自己。這類是你在公開演講時所需要的非常重要的方法。
3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more highly
structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires more
detailed2 preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language.
Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon3, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking
demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work
at avoiding distracting physical mannerism4 and verbal habits.
3、當然，公開演說不同于交談。第一，公開演講比交談要有更高的組織結構性。公開演說者一般受嚴格的時間限制，故此它需要比普通交談更細致的籌備。第二，公開演說需要用正式語言。聽眾對充滿俚語、行話、和語法錯誤的講話反應消極。第三，公開演說需要用一種不同聲調和姿勢。有影響力的演說者調整他的聲調去面對很多的觀眾，力求防止分散人注意力的身體習慣動作，力求防止習慣性口頭語。
4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most successful
speakers are nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence
and make your nervousness work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overcoming stage
fright if you think positively5, choose speech TOPics you really care about, prepare thoroughly6, and concentrate on
communicating with your audience. Like many students over the years, you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities.
4、在任何一個演講教室里，學生最主要的擔憂之一就是怕上臺。事實上，最成功的演說家在發表一場演講之前也會緊張。你的演講教室將給你一個獲得信心的機會，叫你的緊張的神經幫你而不是妨礙你。假如你能如此積極地考慮，你將會朝著戰勝怯場的方向邁進一大步：選擇你真的關心的演講主題，充分地籌備，集中精力與你的聽眾交流。好似過去的很多同學一樣，你同樣可以在你的演講能力上提升信心。
5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener,
feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates7 a speech transaction. Whatever the
speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel. The listener receives the
communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that impedes8 the
communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.
The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication.
5、語言交流的過程，整體而言包含七個要點：演說者、信息、交流渠道、聽眾、反饋、外面干擾、和現場形態。演說者是演講事件的開始者。演說者傳遞的是信息，它必經某種特定交流渠道傳送出去。聽眾同意傳達到的信息，并且向演說者提供反饋。外面干擾是妨礙信息交流的任何事物，而現場形態是演說發生的時間和地址。這七個要點的相互用途決定任何狀況下演說交流的成效。
6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical9 responsibilities. Ethical speakers use
sound means to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say,
by using sound evidence, and by employing valid10 reasoning.
6、由于演講是力量的一種表現形態，它承載著非常重的道德責任。有道德的演說者用聲音的方法去達成聲音的目的。他們通過非常不錯講解他們的主題、通過誠實于他們所說的話、通過用靠譜的論據、與通過正確的評論做這件事。
1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does,
you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from
studying public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching TOPics, organizing your ideas,
and presenting yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable1 for every type of communication.
1、在你生活的某個時刻，幾乎一定需要做某種有影響力的公開演講。當這個時刻來到時，你期望自己十分有把握。但，即使你從未發表過一個演講，你仍然會從學習公共演說中獲益良多。你的演講課將會在研究主題、組織思路、和表現方法方面對你進行練習。這種練習對任何種類的交流都是很寶貴的。
2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals of
speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation. In
conversation, almost without thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas
logically. You tailor your message to your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback
from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.
2、在公開演講和平時交談之間有很多類似的東西。演說的三個主要為了：傳達、說服、吸引，這類也是平時交談的三個主要目的。在交談中，你已經不假思索地用不少方法。你有條理地組織你的看法，你依據聽眾修改信息。你選擇講述某個故事以獲得最大的成效。你從聽眾的反饋中改變自己。這類是你在公開演講時所需要的非常重要的方法。
3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more highly
structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires more
detailed2 preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language.
Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon3, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking
demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work
at avoiding distracting physical mannerism4 and verbal habits.
3、當然，公開演說不同于交談。第一，公開演講比交談要有更高的組織結構性。公開演說者一般受嚴格的時間限制，故此它需要比普通交談更細致的籌備。第二，公開演說需要用正式語言。聽眾對充滿俚語、行話、和語法錯誤的講話反應消極。第三，公開演說需要用一種不同聲調和姿勢。有影響力的演說者調整他的聲調去面對很多的觀眾，力求防止分散人注意力的身體習慣動作，力求防止習慣性口頭語。
4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most successful
speakers are nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence
and make your nervousness work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overcoming stage
fright if you think positively5, choose speech TOPics you really care about, prepare thoroughly6, and concentrate on
communicating with your audience. Like many students over the years, you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities.
4、在任何一個演講教室里，學生最主要的擔憂之一就是怕上臺。事實上，最成功的演說家在發表一場演講之前也會緊張。你的演講教室將給你一個獲得信心的機會，叫你的緊張的神經幫你而不是妨礙你。假如你能如此積極地考慮，你將會朝著戰勝怯場的方向邁進一大步：選擇你真的關心的演講主題，充分地籌備，集中精力與你的聽眾交流。好似過去的很多同學一樣，你同樣可以在你的演講能力上提升信心。
5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener,
feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates7 a speech transaction. Whatever the
speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel. The listener receives the
communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that impedes8 the
communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.
The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication.
5、語言交流的過程，整體而言包含七個要點：演說者、信息、交流渠道、聽眾、反饋、外面干擾、和現場形態。演說者是演講事件的開始者。演說者傳遞的是信息，它必經某種特定交流渠道傳送出去。聽眾同意傳達到的信息，并且向演說者提供反饋。外面干擾是妨礙信息交流的任何事物，而現場形態是演說發生的時間和地址。這七個要點的相互用途決定任何狀況下演說交流的成效。
6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical9 responsibilities. Ethical speakers use
sound means to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say,
by using sound evidence, and by employing valid10 reasoning.
6、由于演講是力量的一種表現形態，它承載著非常重的道德責任。有道德的演說者用聲音的方法去達成聲音的目的。他們通過非常不錯講解他們的主題、通過誠實于他們所說的話、通過用靠譜的論據、與通過正確的評論做這件事。